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C
Caisson:
A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into
the earth and embedded into bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The structural
support for
a type of foundation
wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or
more "sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are
inserted into and run the full length of the hole and concrete
is poured into the caisson hole.
Calcium
Chloride: A chemical used to speed up curing of
concrete in damp conditions.
Calibrate:
To check, adjust, or determine by comparison with
a standard (the graduations of a quantitative measuring
instrument): calibrate a thermometer.
Calibration:
The act or process of calibrating or the state
of being calibrated.
Camber:
A slightly arched surface, as of a road, a ship's
deck, an airfoil, or a snow ski.
Camber
Arch: An arch whose intrados, though apparently
straight, has a slightly concave curve upward.
Camber
Beam: A beam whose under side has a concave curve
upward.
Camber
Windows: Casement windows with a curved top.
Candidate:
An indentured servant. Beginning level of inspection
association membership. Slave. See Associate Member.
Canopy:
An overhanging roof.
Cant Strip:
A beveled support used at the junction of a flat
surface and a vertical surface to prevent bends and/or cracking
of the roofing
membrane at the intersection of the roof deck and wall.
Used with a base flashing to minimize breaking of
the roofing felts.
Cantilever:
A projecting beam or other structure supported
only at one end. Any part of a structure that projects beyond
its main support
and is balanced on it.
Cantilevered
Void: Foundation void material used in unusually
expansive soil conditions. This void is "trapezoid"
shaped
and has vertical
sides of 6" and 4" respectively.
Cap:
The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice, molding,
and the like.
Cap Flashing:
The portion of the flashing attached to a vertical
surface to prevent water from migrating behind the base
flashing.
Cap Sheet:
A top layer in built-up roofing.
Cap Sheets:
In roofing, one to four plies of felt bonded and
top-coated with bitumen that is laid over an existing roof
as a
treatment for defective
roofs.
Cape Chisel:
Tool used to clean out mortar joints on brick.
Capital:
The principal part of a loan, i.e. the original
amount borrowed.
Capital
and Interest: A repayment loan and the most conventional
form of home loan. The borrower pays an amount
each month to cover
the amount borrowed (capital or principal) plus the interest
charged on capital.
Capped
Rate: The mortgage interest rate will not exceed
a specified value during a certain period of time, but it
will
fluctuate up and
down below that level.
Carbon
Monoxide: CO. A colorless, odorless, highly poisonous
gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon.
Casement
Frames and Sash: Frames of wood or metal enclosing
part or all of the sash, which may be opened by
means of hinges
affixed to the vertical edges.
Casement
Window: A sidehinged window that opens on hinges
secured to the side of the window frame.
Casing:
Molding of various widths and thicknesses used
to trim door and window openings at the jambs.
Cast Iron:
Heavy metal formed by casting on molds. The metal
is covered with a porcelain enamel coating to make
fixtures such as
the cast iron tubs.
Cast-Iron
Pipe (Plumbing): Drain and vent lines. Most older
drain-waste venting systems are made of cast-iron pipes.
Now increasingly
supplanted by ABS and PVC. Pipes were originally joined
with molten lead, but most plumbers now join
them with no-hub
couplers.
Cat's Paw:
A variation of a pry bar used to pry up deep set
(counter sunk) nails.
Catch Basin:
A drain for a low or wet spot, with pipe exiting
the side and a pit at the bottom to collect sediment.
Caulk:
The application of sealant to a joint, crack or
crevice. A compound used for sealing that has minimum joint
movement capability;
sometimes called low performance sealant.
Caulking:
Material used to seal exterior cracks and openings
such as windows or foundations.
CCA (Chromated
Copper Arsenate): A pesticide that is forced into
wood under high pressure to protect it from termites,
other wood boring
insects, and decay caused by fungus.
Ceiling
Joist: One of a series of parallel framing members
used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger
beams, girders
or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
Cells (Masonry):
The hollow spaces in concrete blocks.
Cellulose
Insulation: Ground-up newspaper that is treated
with a fire retardant.
Celotex
™: Black fibrous board that is used as exterior
sheething.
Cement:
The gray powder that is the "glue" in
concrete. Portland cement. Also, any adhesive.
Cement
Mixtures: Rich - 1 part cement, 2 parts sand,
3 parts coarse aggregate. Used for concrete roads and waterproof
structures. Standard
- 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts coarse aggregate.
Used for reinforced work floors, roofs,
columns, arches,
tanks, sewers, conduits, etc. Medium - 1 part cement, 2
1/2 parts sand, 5 parts coarse aggregate. Used
for foundations,
walls, abutments, piers, etc. Lean - 1 part cement, 3 parts
sand, 6 parts coarse aggregate. Used for all
mass concrete work,
large foundations, backing for stone masonry, etc. Mixtures
are always listed Cement to Sand to
Aggregate.
Centerset:
A style of faucet that is installed on a lavatory
with 4" center-to-center faucet holes and that has
the spout and
handle(s) combined
into a single part.
Ceramic
Disk Valve: A type of valve that relies on two-part
revolving disks in a sealed cylinder. Each disk has a port
in it
that, when aligned
with the other, will allow water to pass through.
Ceramic
Tile: A man-made or machine-made clay tile used
to finish a floor or wall. Generally used in bathtub and
shower
enclosures and
on counter tops.
Certificate
of Occupancy: A document stating that a building
is approved for occupancy. The Building Authority issues
the Certificate of Occupancy.
Certified:
Having a formal document testifying to qualification
or completion of requirements.
CFM (Cubic
Feet per Minute): Measure of volume of air. When
testing systems, find the CFM by multiplying the face velocity
(amount of air passing through the face of an outlet or
return) times the free area (the total area of the openings
in the outlet or inlet through which air can pass) in square
feet.
Chair Rail:
A molding that runs horizontally along the wall
at about 3 feet from the ground. In storefront, window wall,
or curtain wall systems, a chair rail is an aluminum extrusion
applied horizontally to the inside of the system 3 feet
from the floor to create a barrier in floor-to-ceiling glazing
applications.
Chalk Line:
A line made on the roof by snapping a taut string
or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment purposes.
Change
Order: A written document which modifies the plans
and specifications and/or the price of the Construction
Contract.
Channel
Glazing: The installation of glass products into
U-shaped glazing channels. The channels may have fixed stops;
however, at least one glazing stop on one edge must be removable.
Chapter:
A local group of members of a larger association,
as in a local NACHI Chapter. A local branch.
Chase:
A framed enclosed space around a flue pipe or
a channel in a wall or through a ceiling for something to
lie in or pass through.
Checking:
Fissures that appear with age in many exterior
paint coatings. At first superficial, but in time may penetrate
entirely through the coating. It produces a pattern of surface
cracks running in irregular lines. When found in the top
pour of an asphalt built-up roof, checking is the preliminary
stage of alligatoring.
Checkrails:
Meeting rails sufficiently thicker than a window
to fill the opening between the top and bottom sash made
by
the parting stop
in the frame of double-hung windows. They are usually beveled.
Chemical
Injection Grouting: Leak repair technique usually
used below grade in cracks and joints in concrete walls
and floors that involves the injection of sealant (usually
urethane) that reacts with water to form a seal.
Chink:
To install fiberglass insulation around all exterior
door and window frames, wall corners, and small gaps in
the exterior wall.
Chip Board:
A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"-
2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute
for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing. Also
called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or Wafer Board.
Circuit:
A network of wiring that typically commences at
a panel box, feeds electricity to outlets and ultimately
returns to the panel box.
Circuit
Breaker: A protective device which automatically
opens an electrical circuit when it is overloaded.
Cistern:
Reservoir for water. Common in houses built prior
to the fifties in the Midwest.
Class "A"
Fire Resistance: The highest fire-resistance rating
for roofing per ASTM E-108. Indicates that roofing is able
to
withstand severe
exposure to fire originating from sources outside the building.
Class "B"
Fire Resistance: Fire-resistance rating that indicates
roofing material is able to withstand moderate exposure
to fire originating from sources outside the building.
Class "C"
Fire Resistance: Fire-resistance rating that indicates
roofing material is able to withstand light exposure to
fire originating from sources outside the building.
Class B
Door: A fire resistant rating applied by the Underwriters
Laboratories Classification for a door having a 1 to 1 1/2
hour rating.
Cleanout:
A plug in a trap or drain pipe that provides access
for the purpose of clearing an obstruction.
Cleanout
(Plumbing): A drain fitting, usually a wye or
a tee, with a removable plug to permit inspection and access
for an auger or snake.
Cleat:
A wedge-shaped piece (usually of metal) which
serves as a support or check. A strip fastened across something
to give strength or hold something in position.
Clip Ties:
Sharp cut metal wires that protrude out of a concrete
foundation wall that at one time held the foundation form
panels in place.
Closed
Cut Valley: A method of valley treatment in which
shingles from one side of the valley extend across the valley,
while shingles from the other side are trimmed 2 inches
from the valley centerline. The valley flashing is not exposed.
Closet
Auger: A flexible rod with a curved end used to
access the toilet's built-in trap and remove clogs.
Closet
Bend: A curved fitting that connects the closet
flange to the toilet drain.
Closet
Bolts: Bolt whose head is fitted to a closet flange
and protrudes up through a toilet base. A nut is tightened
around it on the toilet base. Two (or four) bolts serve
one toilet.
Closet
Flange: An anchoring ring secured to the floor.
The base of the toilet is secured to this ring with bolts.
CO:
An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy."
Coal Tar:
A viscous liquid mixture of hydrocarbon compounds,
derived, along with coke, from the destructive distillation
of coal.
Coal Tar
Pitch: A bituminous material, which is a by-product
from the coking of coal. It is used as the waterproofing
material for tar and gravel built-up roofing.
Code of
Ethics: Ethical standards of conduct for home
inspectors.
Cohesive
Failure: Internal splitting of a compound resulting
from over-stressing of the compound.
Cold Air
Return: The ductwork (and related grills) that
carries room air back to the furnace for re-heating.
Cold Applied:
Products that can be applied without heating.
These are in contrast to products which need to be heated
to be applied.
Cold Patch:
In roofing, a roof repair done with cold-applied
material.
Cold Process
Adhesive: Mastic prepared with SBS modifiers to
adhere laps, flashing and joints of built-up or low-slope
roofing without hot-mopping or torching equipment.
Cold-Method
or Lap Cement: Special multipurpose adhesive for
low-sloped, cold-applied roof construction. Bonds 19"
selvedge, mineral surface and cap sheets to the underlayment.
Doubles as an adhesive on 2" selvedge lap of mineral-,
granule- or smooth-surfaced
roofing. Available in both summer and winter grades.
Collar:
In roofing, a conical metal cap flashing used
in conjunction with vent pipes or stacks usually located
several inches above the plane of the roof for the purpose
of shedding water away from the base of the vent.
Collar
Beam: In carpentry, a tie that keeps the roof
from spreading. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
Connects similar rafters on opposite sides of roof.
Collar
Tie: A horizontal board attached perpendicular
to rafters.
Column:
In architecture: A perpendicular supporting member,
circular or rectangular in section, usually consisting of
a base, shaft, and capital. In engineering: A vertical structural
compression member which supports loads acting in the direction
of its longitudinal axis.
Combination
Doors or Windows: Combination doors or windows
are used over regular openings. They provide winter insulation
and summer protection and often have self storing or removable
glass and screen inserts. This eliminates the need for handling
a different unit each season.
Combustion
Air: The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside
air to the furnace and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate
supplies of air are brought in: one high and one low.
Combustion
Chamber: The part of a boiler, furnace or woodstove
where the burn occurs; normally lined with firebrick or
molded or sprayed insulation.
Common
Rafter: Rafter that extends from the top plate
to the ridge. Generally set 12, 16, or 24 inches apart.
Compatible:
Two or more substances, which can be mixed or
blended without separating, reacting, or affecting either
material adversely.
Component:
A permanently installed or attached fixture, element
or part of a system.
Composite
Board: An insulation board which has two different
insulation types laminated together in 2 or 3 layers.
Compression
Fitting: Used to join or connect pipes and conduit
by causing a ring to compress against the connecting
tube when tightening
with a wrench.
Compression
Gasket: A gasket designed to function under compression.
Compression
Set: The permanent deformation of a material after
removal of the compressive stress.
Compression
Valve: A type of valve that works by raising or
lowering a stem. Water passes through the valve by turning
the faucet handle,
which causes the stem to drop or rise.
Compression
Web: A member of a truss system which connects
the bottom and top chords and which provides
downward support.
Compressor:
A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in
order to turn it into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to
be
removed or added.
A compressor is the main component of conventional heat
pumps and air conditioners. In an air
conditioning system,
the compressor normally sits outside and has a large fan
(to remove heat).
Concealed
Nail Method: Application of roll roofing in which
all nails are driven into the underlying course of roofing
and
covered by a cemented,
overlapping course. Nails are not exposed to the weather.
Concrete
Block: A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8"x8"x16"
in size. Often used in low rise commercial and some residential
construction. The
original design and use is attributed to the architect Frank
Lloyd Wright.
Concrete
Board: A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass
usually used as a tile backing material.
Concrete
Board or Wonderboard (TM): A panel made out of
concrete and fiberglass usually used as a tile backing
material.
Concrete
Grout: A mixture of 3/8-inch pea gravel, sand,
cement and water which is poured into the cells of concrete-block
walls to reinforce them.
Concrete
Plain: Concrete either without reinforcement,
or reinforced only for shrinkage or temperature changes.
Condensate
Line: The copper pipe that runs from the outside
air conditioning condenser to the inside furnace ( where
the
A/C coil is located).
Condensation:
Water condensing on walls, ceiling and pipes.
Normal in areas of high humidity, usually controlled by
ventilation or
a dehumidifier.
Condensing
Unit: The outdoor component of a cooling system.
It includes a compressor and condensing coil designed to
give off heat.
Condition:
The visible and conspicuous state of being of
an object.
Conditions,
Convenants, and Restrictions (CC and Rs): The
standards that define how a property may be used and the
protections the
developer makes for the benefit of all owners in a subdivision.
Conduction:
The flow of heat from one part of a substance
to another part. A piece of iron with one end placed in
a fire will
soon become warm
from end to end due to the transfer of heat by the actual
collision of the air molecules.
Conductivity:
The rate at which heat is transmitted through
a material.
Conductor:
In roofing, a pipe for conveying rainwater from
the roof gutter to a drain, or from a roof drain to the
storm drain;
also called a leader,
downspout, or downpipe. In electrical contracting, a wire
through which a current of electricity flows,
better known as
an electric wire.
Conductor
(Electrical): Anything that conducts or carries
electricity.
Conduit:
A hollow pipe casing through which electric lines
run.
Conduit
(Electrical): Tubing used to protect wiring.
Console
Lavatory: A table-like lavatory in which the basin
is attached to a wall at the back and by table or piano
legs at
the front.
Construction
Adhesive: Thick-bodied adhesive, suited to a wide
range of repair and construction tasks. Packaged in
convenient cartridges
for caulking guns.
Construction
Contract: A legal document which specifies the
details of a construction project. A good construction
contract will include:
1.The contractors registration number. 2.A statement of
work quality such as 'Standard Practices of
the Trades' or
'according to Manufacturers Specifications.' 3.A set of
blue prints or plans. 4.A set of specifications. 5.Any
allowances. 6.A
construction timetable including starting and completion
dates. 7.A fixed price for the work, or a time and
materials formula.
8.A payment schedule. 9.A written warrantee. 10.A clause
which outlines how any disputes will be
resolved.
Construction
Drywall: A type of construction in which the interior
wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in
the
form of sheet materials
or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.
Construction
Loan: A loan provided by a lending institution
specifically to construct or renovate a building.
Construction,
Frame: A type of construction in which the structural
parts are wood or depend upon a wood frame for
support. In codes,
if masonry veneer is applied to the exterior walls, the
classification of this type of construction is usually
unchanged.
Continuing
Education: Ongoing education, often a requirement
for membership in a home inspection association. For
example, NACHI's
Continuing Education Policy.
Continuity
Tester: An electrical tool used to identify and
diagnose a circuit as either open or closed.
Contractor:
An individual licensed to perform certain types
of construction activities. In most states, the generals
contractor's license
and some specialty contractor's licenses don't require of
compliance with bonding, workmen's
compensation and
similar regulations. Some of the specialty contractor licenses
involve extensive training, testing and/or
insurance requirements.
There are various types of contractors: General Contractor
- responsible for the execution,
supervision and
overall coordination of a project and may also perform some
of the individual construction tasks. Most
general contractors
are not licensed to perform all specialty trades and must
hire specialty contractors for such tasks, e.g.
electrical, plumbing.
Remodeling Contractor - a general contractor who specializes
in remodeling work. Specialty
Contractor - licensed
to perform a specialty task e.g. electrical, side sewer,
asbestos abatement. Sub Contractor - a
general or specialty
contractor who works for another general contractor.
Control
Joint: A control joint controls or accommodates
movement in the surface component of a roof.
Convection:
A method of transferring heat by the actual movement
of heated molecules, usually by a freestanding unit
such as a furnace.
Conventional
Loan: A mortgage loan not insured by a government
agency (such as FHA or VA).
Convertibility:
The ability to change a loan from an adjustable
rate schedule to a fixed rate schedule.
Cooling
Load: The amount of cooling required to keep a
building at a specified temperature during the summer, usually
78° Fahrenheit,
regardless of outside temperature.
Cooling
Tower: A large device mounted on roofs, consisting
of many baffles over which water is pumped in order to
reduce its temperature.
Coped:
Removing the top and bottom flange of the end(s)
of a metal I-beam. This is done to permit it to fit within,
and
bolted to, the
web of another I-beam in a "T" arrangement.
Coped Joint:
Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Coping:
A construction unit placed at the top of the parapet
wall to serve as a cover for the wall.
Coping
Joint: The intersection of a roof slope and an
exterior vertical wall.
Copper
Pipe Types: Type K has the heaviest or thickest
wall and is generally used underground. It has a green stripe.
Type L has a medium
wall thickness and is most commonly used for water service
and for general interior water piping. It
has a blue stripe.
Type M has a thin wall and many codes permit its use in
general water piping installation. It has a red
stripe.
Corbel:
The triangular, decorative and supporting member
that holds a mantel or horizontal shelf.
Corbel
Out: To build out one or more courses of brick
or stone from the face of a wall to form a support for timbers.
Core:
A small section cut from any material to show internal composition.
Corner
Bead: A strip of formed sheet metal, sometimes
combined with a strip of metal lath, placed on corners before
plastering to reinforce them. Also, a strip of wood finish
three-quarters-round or angular placed over a plastered
corner for protection.
Corner
Boards: Used as trim for the external corners
of a house or other frame structure against which the ends
of the siding are finished.
Corner
Braces: Diagonal braces at the corners of frame
structure to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
Cornerite:
Metal-mesh lath cut into strips and bent to a
right angle. Used in interior corners of walls and ceilings
on lath to prevent cracks in plastering.
Cornice:
A horizontal projecting course on the exterior
of a building, usually at the base of the parapet. In residential
construction, the overhang of a pitched roof at the cave
line, usually consisting of a facie board, a soffit for
a closed cornice, and appropriate moldings.
Cornice
Return: The portion of the cornice that returns
on the gable end of a house.
Corrosion:
The deterioration of metal by chemical or electrochemical
reaction resulting from exposure to weathering, moisture,
chemicals or other agents or media.
Corrugated:
Folded or shaped into parallel ridges or furrows
so as to form a symmetrically wavy surface.
Cost Breakdown:
A breakdown of all the anticipated costs on a
construction or renovation project.
Cost Plus
Contract: See Time and Materials Contract.
Counter
Flashing: The formed metal secured to a wall,
curb, or roof top unit to cover and protect the upper edge
of a base flashing and its associated fasteners. This type
of flashing is usually used in residential construction
on chimneys at the roofline to cover shingle flashing and
to prevent moisture entry.
Counterfort:
A foundation wall section that strengthens (and
is generally perpendicular to) a long section of foundation
wall.
Coupling:
In plumbing, a short collar with only inside threads
at each end, for receiving the ends of two pipes which are
to be fitted and joined together. A right/left coupling
is one used to join 2 gas pipes in limited space.
Course:
A single layer of brick or stone or other building
material.
Cove Molding:
A molding with a concave face used as trim or
to finish interior corners.
Covenants:
Rules usually developed by a builder or developer
regarding the physical appearance of buildings in a
particular geographic
area. Typical covenants address building height, appropriate
fencing and landscaping, and the type of exterior material
(stucco, brick, stone, siding, etc) that may be used.
Coverage:
Amount of weather protection provided by the roofing
material. Depends on number of layers of material between
the exposed surface of the roofing and the deck; i.e. single
coverage, double coverage, etc.
CPVC:
Plastic water piping.
CPVC (Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride): Rigid plastic pipe used in
water supply systems where code permits.
Crater:
Pit in the surface of concrete resulting from
cracking of the mortar due to expansive forces associated
with a particle of unsound aggregate or a contaminating
material, such as wood or glass.
Crawl Space:
A shallow open area between the floor of a building
and the ground, normally enclosed by the foundation wall.
Crawlspace:
The area within the confines of the foundation
and between the ground and the underside of the lowest floor
structural component.
Crazing:
A series of hairline cracks in the surface of
weathered materials, having a web-like appearance. Also,
hairline cracks in pre-finished metals caused by bending
or forming (see Brake Metal).
Credit
Rating: A report ordered by a lender from a credit
agency to determine a borrower's credit habits.
Cricket:
A peaked saddle construction at the back of a
chimney to prevent accumulation of snow and ice and to deflect
water around the chimney.
Cripple
Stud: Short stud used as support in wall openings
that replaces a normal 93 inch or 96 inch stud.
Cripple
Walls: In a wood-frame house, the section of wall
under the house between the concrete foundation and the
floor joists. Also called crawl space walls.
Crock:
Used in the ground to hold water for pumping sump
pumps.
Cross Tee:
Short metal "T" beam used in suspended
ceiling systems to bridge the spaces between the main beams.
Cross-Bridging:
Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists,
placed near the center of the joist span to prevent joists
from twisting.
Crosscutting:
Cutting across the wood grain; to crosscut a board
is to cut across its width.
Crown Molding:
A molding used on cornice or wherever an interior
angle is to be covered.
Culvert:
Round, corrugated drain pipe (normally 15"
or 18" in diameter) that is installed beneath a driveway
parallel to and near the street.
Cupola:
A small dome at the peak of a pitched roof.
Cupping:
A type of warping that causes boards to curl up
at their edges.
Curb:
A short wall or masonry built above the level of the roof
that provides a means of flashing the deck equipment.
Curb Roof:
A roof with an upper and lower set of rafters
on each side, the under-set being less inclined to the horizon
than the upper; a mansard roof.
Curing:
In concrete application, the process in which
mortar and concrete harden. The length of time is dependent
upon the type of cement, mix proportion, required strength,
size and shape of the concrete section, weather and future
exposure conditions. The period may be 3 weeks or longer
for lean concrete mixtures used in structures such as dams
or it may be only a few days for richer mixes. Favorable
curing temperatures range from 50 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Design strength is achieved in 28 days.
Curing
(Paint): The process of paint bonding to a surface.
Curing and drying are not the same.
Curing
Agent: One part of a multi-part sealant which,
when added to the base, will cause the base to change its
physical state by chemical reaction between the two parts.
Curtain
Drain: A ditch sometimes filled with gravel and
a drain tile which diverts storm and drain water away from
a structure.
Curtain
Wall: A thin wall, supported by the structural
steel or concrete frame of the building independent of the
wall below. Also a metal (most often aluminum) framing system
on the face of a building containing vision glass panels
and spandrel panels made of glass, aluminum, or other material.
Cut Off:
A piece of roofing membrane consisting of one
or more narrow plies of felt usually mopped in hot to seal
the edge of insulation at the end of a day's work.
Cut-In
Brace: Nominal 2-inch-thick members, usually 2x4s,
cut in between each stud diagonally.
Cutback:
In roofing, basic asphalt or tar which has been
"cut back" with solvents and oils so that the
material become
fluid.
Cutoff
Valves: Valves used to shut water off, generally
located under sinks or behind bathtub and shower access
panels. They cut off hot and/or cold water at the source
without cutting all water off throughout the house.
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